Individual Differences and Emotion Recognition Scores

Individual Differences and Emotion Recognition ScoresABSTRACTThis study investigates the completion to which individual divergences such as eld, sexual activity and levels of natural rational picture excise perception reference. Participants were tested by being shown pictures of antithetical facial sensations happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust and fear. Their dozens were then compared against the 3 factors. The findings show signifi open firet attest for sexual practice and levels of natural depression differences, but no remarkable negative correlational statistics was ensnare for eon. The findings were also back downed by previous studies, except for age. The results show that the guess can only be partially supported.INTRODUCTIONTerracciano, Merritt, Zonderman, and Evans (2003) study tested 2 assorts African American and Caucasian of 106 and 46 participants respectively. The African American smack consisted of 51 males and 55 females and had l ow- socioeconomic status with an compressed of 12 geezerhood of education. The Caucasian seek consisted of 24 males and 22 females with higher(prenominal) socioeconomic status, and an mean of 16 long time of education. Two types of perception of contact task (PAT) were utilize eccentric and sentence subtask (Lane et al., 1996). The results showed that the African American group fared poorer than the Caucasian group on both the faces and sentence task. Also when education was controlled for, the differences in advance remained. The Caucasian group had heartyly higher results for females over males in the face task, and also higher dozens in the sentence task. However, no gender difference was found in the African American group. These results send word that in that location could be also be a cultural variance in sensation intelligence.Calder et al. (2003) study examined 48 participants, half were betwixt 18 to 30 years old and the rest were in the midst of 58 and 70 y ears old. Within each age group, genders were disjointed evenly. Also, IQ was matched in the midst of groups. in that respect were shown a total of 60 photographs taken from the picture of facial affect series (Ekman and Friesen, 1976). Participants were shown these pictures in a random order and asked to choose the high hat expression label for the picture, with no time limit. Their results showed thither was a momentous link betwixt perception and age group. They also found that the old participants were significantly die at recognizing disgust. Further experiments showed that there was a return negative kindred amid actualization of facial expression and increase age. Also, it again confirmed previous results that recognizing disgust improved with age. Comparing results surrounded by age groups showed that, there was also no significant relationship between decline in recognition pull ahead of other perceptions and age. This suggests that poorer recognition in lat er age might not be collect to familiar cognitive impairment.The aim of this experiment is to determine whether individual differences like age, gender and depression levels could affect emotion recognition abilities. In the outlive mensuration depression levels, this experiment will compare differences in dozens against different facial expressions. For example, Gollan, Pane, McCloskey and Cocarro (2008) investigated patients with major depression and well-informed patients, 37 and 29 participants respectively. sexual activity was split evenly in both groups. They measured their responses for emotion recognition task using the Picture of facial Affect (Ekman and Friesen, 1976). Their results showed that demoralize patients play to recognize neutral faces as sad faces as compared to the healthy group. However, the healthy group tend to identify neutral faces as happy faces. My hypothesis is that the great business office to recognize emotions is affected by individual dif ferences, like gender, age and levels of depression.RESULTSIn this experiment, we were interest in the boilersuit effect of gender on emotion recognition. There was one in restricted variable which was gender, and this was an independent measures design. The dependent variable is the sum of recognition gain, a higher score indicated better trueness of identification. An Independent samples t-test was used. The Levenes test of homogeneity was significant F (38, 29.01) =12.257, p=0.001. This way of feel that the assumption of homogeneity of variance is violated. The Mann-Whitney U establish showed that there was a difference between male and female scores in recognising emotions. The mean rank of males and females was 13.75 and 27.25 respectively, z=-3.665, pFigure 1 Bar graph showing the difference in mean recognitions scores by gender.In this experiment we were interested in the relationship between age and overall emotion recognition scores. There were two variables, which was age and sum of recognition scores. A higher score indicated better accuracy of identification of emotion. The Pearsons correlational test was used, because we want to find the relationship between two variables. The correlational test showed that there is no significant negative relationship between the two variables, r=-0.184, n= , p=0.256. Two- tailed test.Figure 2 scatterplot showing no correlation between age and sum of recognition scores.In the last experiment we were interested in the effect of level of depression on emotion recognition scores. There was one independent variable- level of depression, and 3 levels normal, mildly depressed, exceedingly depressed by splitting the depression scores. Scores are split by 0- 9, 10-21, 22-36 respectively. The dependent variable was emotion recognition scores. A higher score indicates a better accuracy of emotion recognition. A one- means independent measures ANOVA was used. It is predicted that there would be differences between l evel of depression and recognition scores. Levenes test of homogeneity was significant F (2, 37) =11.67, pA multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the differences between levels of depression and ability of emotion recognition for different facial expressions. A non-significant calamitys M test, p = 0.001 indicated homogeneity of covariance matrices of the dependent variable crossways the levels of depression. At alpha level of 0.05, Wilks test was significant, p =0.022. This means that there are significant differences between levels of depression on the ability to recognize emotions. The Levenes test of homogeneity was only significant for scores of expression of anger, disgust and happiness (p =0.007, 0.002 and Thus, the findings show that there is significant difference between levels of depression and emotion recognition. Also, there is significant difference between the levels of depression and accuracy of disgusted expression recognition score s.Figure 3 Mean total sum of recognition scores for the groups, where 0 represents normal, 1 represents mild and 2 represents high level of depression.DISCUSSIONThis study has found evidence that suggests individual differences, for example gender and levels of depression affects emotion recognition. However, there were no significant correlations for age. The findings from the first experiment suggest that there was significant difference in performance between genders. It suggests that females were more accurate overall at identifying emotions compared to males. It is consistent with our prediction that individual differences have an effect on emotion recognition. Our findings of females with significant higher mean scores also support Terracciano et al. (2003) study that had homogeneous results within the Caucasian group. In the second experiment, the results suggest that there is no negative relationship between age and emotion recognition scores. These findings are not consist ent with our predictions that individual differences will affect ability for emotion recognition. However, our findings also support the study of Calder et al. (2003) that also had no significant correlation between age and emotion recognition. This could suggest that emotion recognition is not a dependent variable of age. Finally, in the last experiment the findings support our hypothesis that individual differences affect emotion recognition. The findings were similar to those of Gollan et al. (2008) to a certain extent. Gollan et al. (2008) found that depressed participants had a negative impact bias for facial expressions. However, evidence in our study suggests that highly depressed participants were only significantly better in accurately recognizing disgusted expressions. Thus, from the evidence we can see that our hypothesis is only partially supported.Furthermore, a correlational test only confirms a relationship exists, it does not show a definite cause and effect. Also, the number of highly depressed participants is not pertain in proportion to the whole sample. It also has a small sample size and this could result in sampling error, thus making our results unreliable. This could pardon lack of other differences found between other expression scores and levels of depression. Future research should also explore cultural differences between emotion recognition. The study by Terracciano et al. (2003) found differences in performance between African American and the Caucasian group. Although one possible reason could be, that the differences in results is due to better environmental factors in the Caucasian group. Further experiments have to be carried out to determine if there was a cultural effect on emotion recognition, or if it was due to other variables. Also, another study by Matsumoto (1989) examined 15 cultures and compared their scores against 4 factors Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. only four factors vary differently between cultures. By comparing their correlation we can determine if there is a culture effect on emotion recognition. Matsumoto (1989) found that there were significant negative correlations between power distance and intensity ratings of negative emotions. Also, a positive correlation between individualism and intensity ratings of anger and fear, but no significant correlation for uncertainty avoidance was found. Although Matsumoto (1989) did not find full support for his hypothesis, it is cool it useful to explore this area of study. Examining cultural differences in emotion recognition is useful as it can be applied to real life uses in our global environment.The experiment has shown that this hypothesis has not been fully supported. Thus, we cannot solve that there is a definite effect of individual differences on emotion recognition.REFERENCESAmerican Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed). Washington, D C American Psychiatric Association.Caldera, A.J., Keanea, J., Manlya, T., Sprengelmeyerb, R., Scott, S., Nimmo-Smitha, I. Young, A.W. (2003). Facial expression recognition across the adult life span, Neuropsychologia, 41, 195202.Ekman, P. Friesen, W.V. (1976). 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