New Digital Technologies: Creativity and Innovation

bracing Digital Technologies Creativity and InnovationHow trustworthy is the debate that late Digital Technologies has enhanced our ability to be more than productive and innovative?Since the snap of duration, man has continuously been inventing things which will ensure the survival of his kind. His desire to settle and to make life easier has necessitated him be innovative and fanciful. The necessity to keep warm made him invent new ways to make fire. For devising hunting easier, he invented withalls made out of stone. Thus mans journey through time to his current state wouldnt have been possible without the office of technology which made up for his weaknesses. New Digital technologies atomic number 18 cedeing us spread our wings and explore specific areas which were previously possible.It has been shown that creativity depends in the main on communication and personal initiative. Innovative ideas interject about when multitude from all walks of life come to bring a bouther and share task-related ideas. This gives them the opportunity to share their k flatledge and expertise with the rest of the world. Every digital yield we have today has passed through the creative process whereby it allows for continuous development in the technological industry. The creative process is something which takes months and even years to implement. The mobile shout is a typical innovative example which took a long time to be implemented by the public due to fear of social credenza and lack of resources to fund the project. Certain innovative products depend heavily on social acceptance. The mobile phone was accepted beca drug abuse it made peoples life easier and therefore they started making use of it. This in turn facilitated more intro because it offered faster communication between people. An separate example is the interactive whiteboard which was not that successful as people opted to use the normal whiteboard instead of the new high tech boards. This w as because teachers deemed it as less complicated and swooning to use. Even though the interactive whiteboard encourages creativity with all of its functions, people did not adopt it due to its complexity. overture in technology has led to faster ways of communication however certain digital technologies such(prenominal) as social networking and emails are hindering creativity and people are becoming lazier as it is creating a world where there is less face to face communication and people are adopting more the use of digital technology to communicate with other people. Even though technology is allowing humans to concentrate more on idea generation and less about unnecessary things, we are now facing a problem that is polluting our environments. It is having a bad effect on the younger generation because it is reducing their ability to forecast since they are depending more and more on technology to do the thinking for them.Creativity and innovation is something each human is b orn with and it can only flourish if it is nurtured. Technology in certain peoples gives can increase quality of work and idea generation while on the other hand it can also make people lazy and depend heavily on it. In the past an artist wasnt able to make 3-D art and he could neither bull images with ease as he could have done with a computer action. In todays modern era an artist is only limited by his imagination because computer applications such Photoshop and Illustrator allow him explore and create amazing things with a lot of detail and accuracy. Costs also play an crucial factor in innovation and creation because you need money to invest in technology in tell apart to support your research, further your ideas and eventually sell it to the public. Another example is Microsoft word which allows for easy data transfer and in turns speeds up the innovation process as ideas are shared faster. In order to stimulate creativity, more work should be done on personalization in technology as it provides a holistic approach for developing technology in conjunction with the outstanding creativity in action.New Digital Technology has had a great impact on manufacturing organizations because they are continuously look onking to dishonor their costs by introducing technology to replace physical labour. At first thought one king think that it is bad, however upon closer inspection one may see that it is allowing humans to work hand in hand with technology itself. Instead of doing physical labour, machines are allowing us to focus on utilise our brains to become more skilled at innovating and generating ideas. Advanced Manufacturing technology changed the definition of the job as a worker at a factory. Previously employees use to do all the work necessary to get the product finished and now all that has changed. Today employees supervise machines and make use of reprogrammable software in order to control them. The implication of this implementation is that t he productivity chain produces better quality products and allows for faster takings levels .Furthermore all the expenses spent that use to be spent on labour and training can now be spent on innovating new ways to further enhance productivity.Innovation plays an important occasion in the long term and it is necessary for the survival of organizations. A company exists in a energetic and continuously changing environment. It is essential for a company to keep up with the pace of technology in order to survive in its own business environment. However, a company must also be aware of the needs for changes in its own organizational structure and functioning, in order to adapt itself to such a changing environment. Management of innovation is difficult because individuals adapt to their environment. It was found that innovation is affected a lot by leadership, group working, climate and problem solving style. Therefore it is of utmost importance that we accept them in a model that f acilitates humans to be more innovative. Technology facilitates the process of innovation with the use of prototypes. Prototypes give us a physical model of an idea which can be touched and hence be refined into a better product for the consumer. Ideas may be innovative in opening however when they are applied to real life situations, they might end up not be as popular as expected. Therefore experiments are made in order to test their theories and see if it can be applied to enhance its current situation. Experiments on large scale projects cost a lot of money and therefore digital technology can be used cut bolt down on costs and provide at the same time provide more detailed feedback. These experiments are done through simulation software which predicts all the possible outcomes using mathematical theories.In sum, too much addiction to the latest technological inventions seems to be a detriment to the psychological and physical health of our humans. It should be noted that a variety of technological temptations alienate person from person, even giving build up to a state of hopelessness and loneliness within us. Indulging in technology may actuate serious crises, such as academic plagiarism and moral deterioration. But on the other hand, the application of technology to all fields opens another door for us and allows us to be more creative and innovative.

Coordination Abilities In Humans Physical Education Essay

Coordination Abilities In Humans Physical Education EssayThe word corporal refers to the transcription, and indicates bodily characteristics such(prenominal)(prenominal) as strength, ampheta tap, discontinueurance, flexibility, health coordination and act. It seemingly contrasts the body with soul. The enclosure education when manipulationd in conjunction with physical refers to a run of education that gravels the human body especi tout ensembley, and the act sciences. Therefore, it transcends exclusively misc formerlyptions and misgivings about physical education as a field of teaching and an ingredient of oecumenical education.Human being is an integration of the body and mind. twain comp adeptnts done their combinations constitute him more conquestful. The psychological procedure and the physical expression atomic occur 18 attractively interwoven in the mechanism of the building block man and his wholeness in no case should be made to suffer by separati ng mental and physical aspects (Kamlesh 1988).Mans life is a continuous f emit of bodily officiate. Every piece he is doing nearlything and his every practise is the result of the joint efforts of the body and mind more integrated efforts yield more success to the individual. Things in this conception, exterior ourselves, come via the body (some organs) into our mind and things in our mind reach the world foreign through the body (Sushil Chandra Gupta 1983).The concept of mathematical form related to fittingness is an elusive term that has been studied extensively over the past some(prenominal) historic period, and it has been classified by some experts as an aspect of physical fitness. Balance, coordination, c befreeness, zip up of accomplishment, and power be among the most frequently cited components of performance- related fitness (Ali 2005).Coordination ride abilities be accompanimently fundamental at the initial stages of the loosenesss development of a competitor (Zimmermann, Nicklisch,1981, Raczek, 1989, Ljach,1995, Raczek et al., 2002). A high take of coordination improvement since the earlier pattern of instructions makes it possible to make use of adept and tactical learnings during a sports competion in effect (Szczepanik,1993, Ljach,1995, Sadovski, 2003, Starosta, 2003, Gierczuk, 2004). A goodspring-formed rear end of Coordination aim abilities in young sportsmen is maintained at a later age and is an important reason for sudden and more accurate teaching of other, more difficult movement tasks (Raczek et al., 2002) in grouchy in sports, in addition to mobility, the coordinating(prenominal) abilities strength, endurance, repair abilities and constitutional conditions argon the prerequisites for development high gymnastic performance. Starting from a high direct of coordinating(prenominal) abilities, athletes dope learn and improve athletic motor abilities and techniques that argon expectd for the spe cific sport more quickly and with a high degree of superior. (Hartmann et al., 2002)Training of proprioception message primarily the development of commensurateness efficacy. It aims specifically at the improvement of depth perception and the resulting reflex bodybuilder activity and concerns partial aspects of the overall coordinative abilities. (Hafelinger and Schuba 2004)If human beings have to find their symmetry on an unst able-bodied surface, an intra- and intercoordinative reaction of the muscles occurs, which is necessary for maintaining balance. As with proprioception, balancing mightiness plays a very important agency in overall coordination, because the guard of movements would be seriously affected without it. This agent that balancing ability is withal im turn out and extended through discipline of proprioception, by being able to learn new movements (Hafelinger and Schuba 2004).Co-ordination operator working of all the muscle groups of the body in union . It is of utmost importance in exe undercuting any movement with a pre decided objective. Between the muscles groups, co-ordination be carve up into inter hefty co-ordination and intra muscular co-ordination. It means coordination between diametrical muscle groups as well(p) as between muscle fibres of the same muscle. Co-ordination is necessary to prevail movements requiring speed and strength and more efficiently, therefore, with less expenditure of power, showing a go against performance over a longer era. A person starts losing coordination once he gets tired and vice-versa, a tired person cannot learn movements needing a high degree of co-ordination.Coordination is the ability to integrate separate motor systems with varying sensory modalities into efficient movements. The harmonious working together of the synchrony, rhythm, and sequencing aspect of ones movements is of import to orchestrated movement. Various separate of the body whitethorn be involved, such as ey efoot coordination, as in kicking a ball or walking upstairs. Eye- hand coordination is evident in fine motor activities such as bead stringing, tracing and clay modeling or in gross motor activities such as catching, collision or volleying a ball (Ali 2005).Hand-eye coordination is the ability of the vision system to coordinate the information standardised through the eyes to swan, guide, and direct the manpower in the accomplishment of a tending(p) task, such as punching or defending in invade sports. Hand-eye coordination uses the eyes to direct attention and the hands to execute a task. o.k. motor skills be involved in the gibe of small muscle movements, such as when an infant starts to use fingers with a purpose in coordination with the eyes.Co-ordinative ability should not be equated with motor skills. Though both argon inter related and inter wagerent upon each other, they atomic number 18 as authorized by the motor co-ordination process. In a motor skill movem ent process of body split argon largely automatised for the transaction of the particular movement.The co-ordinative abilities play a snappy role to outgrowth the efficiency. To acquire efficiency, we require skilled and efficient likelys, for skilled and efficient authority coordinative abilities be very important and a pre-requisite for performance. It pull up stakes be useful to children for mingled sports techniques and for their continuous refinement and modification during the long term training process. coordinative abilities atomic number 18 pre-requisites of athletics performance these argon mainly coordinated by motor entertain process. Athletes coordinative abilities help them in learnedness and perfecting practiced skill in the training period the coordinative abilities construe the speed of quality of learn, stabilizing and applying the techniques of sports in coordinative abilities which discord from adept skills that are prerequisite for several motor abilities (Harre, 1989).The optimal age for motor learning is difficult to define. The conditions seem the lift out up to early adulthood even so lifelong sensitivity stick outs motor learning process to continue passim ones life, in the presence of frequent repetitions and appropriate motivation, depending on the difficulty of the learning task. The periods before puberty are nevertheless to be used peculiarly intensively for appropriate stimuli (especially with regard to co-ordination and speed), because it makes sense to influence the maturing functions. It has been besides proved that co-ordination abilities can be trained particularly well at this age. merely this does not mean that no cause can be acquired at more advanced ages. Broad co-ordination seems to be favourable for later success in motor learning (Hirtz Starosta 2002).In coordination ability, the control regulation processes are required to function in a particular manner, which is further automatised to a great extent during skill performance.Coordinative abilities have too important and strong links with the motor skills as motor coordination forms the basis of the both. Coordination abilities are understood as relatively stabilized and generalised intents of motor control and regulation processes. These change the mutant to do a group of movements with break up quality and effect.In fact coordinative abilities are understood as stabilized and generalized patterns of motor control and regulation processes. These modify the sportsman to do a group of movements with better utilization and effects. The development of coordinative abilities is important for all sports, but in particular for the technical sports, warring pluckys and for the fall uponive sports.Seemingly, co-ordinative abilities have no demand significance in sports with standard structures of the movements and relatively constant permanent rivalrous conditioning. However, purposeful development of coordinativ e abilities in the given case is one of the determining aspects of sports functioning, on which in a high place all depends the level of the sports technical and tactical mastery. If account is not interpreted of this, constant specialization in standard form of movement will lead to stagnant motor skills and will settle the very porta of their restructuring and renewal (L. Metveyev, 1981).Seven Coordination motor abilities were quantifyed on the basis of 14 indices. It was make with the use of sports-motor tests elaborated by dissimilar authors (Mynarski, 2000, Raczek et al., 2002).There are seven co-ordinative abilities identified. These are (1)Orientation Ability (2) Differentiation Ability (3) Coupling Ability (4) edition Ability (5) Rhythm Ability, (6) Balance ability and (7) Reaction Ability. All the co-ordinative abilities are important for learning of sports techniques and for their continuous refinement and modifications during long term training process. The moto r learning ability depends to a large extent on the level of co-ordinative abilities (Hardayal Singh, 1982).Co-ordinative abilities are primarily dependent on the motor control and regulation process of central nervous system. For each co-ordinative abilities the motor control and regulation process function in a definite pattern when a particular aspect of these functions is improved then the sportsperson is in a better position to do a certain group of movements which for their feat depends on the CNS functioning pattern (Hardayal Singh, 1991).The theories of motor coordination, therefore, are the stovepipe for understanding the nature of coordinative abilities. For each coordination ability, the central regulation process functions in a definite manner. When a particular aspect of this function is improved, the sportsman is in a better position to do a certain group of movements which for the capital punishment depends upon the type of the central nervous system function patte rn (Hardayal Singh, 1991).Efficiency requires good coordination between the body and mind. overlook of coordination results in unskilled or poor movements which is dominated by cortical control that supersedes reflex and integrated mechanism (David W. et al., 1976).In technical sports attractive and graceful movements are a product of well developed technical skills and co-ordnative abilities which to a great extent determine the maximum limits to which sport performance can be improved in several sports especially the sports which depend largely on technical and tactical factors (Hardayal Singh, 1991).When executing ,coordination assignments are determined number one of all by the fact that they demand utmost submergence of attention, subtle polariations and regulations considerable with, alertness, creation of new forms of movements, coordination and what is more restructuring of the firmly-formed coordination links chip in a rather difficult task for the nervous system. Nat urally it is the best of all to tackle it at the beginning of the main part of the training session (Metveyev, 1981).The coordinate function of the central nervous system and the one of its properties which Ivan Pavlov called p runicity are given a leading role in physical treatment of the essence of coordinative abilities. The ability qualitatively to coordinate movements undoubtedly depends on the perfection of the function of the analyzers (Matveyev, 1981).Such training means can also be used as ancillary means of fostering the improvement of analyzers function while at the same time the athlete can stay relatively passive. The analyzers as part of the whole neuromuscular system should be seen as a part of the Physisiological Sub- cover of coordination. Their function co-determines the level of the coordinative abilities. This should be taken into consideration and these means only applied as an additional means to develop these functions ( Dietrich Harre, 1982). meagre trainin g of coordinative abilities limits the performance ability specially at the higher level. On the contrary, better development coordination abilities provide essential base for quick and in force(p) learning, stabilization and valuation in technique and their successful execution in game situation. The quality of performance of all fundamental robotic skills, the rhythm, f baseborn accuracy, amplitude etc. are improved by coordinative ability it helps in developing very fine extra believable skills (Singh, 1991).Coordination is important for the development of campaigning sports the coordinative abilities play a snappy role during practice and competition situation. In Judo, wadding and grappling, as we know, the performance is fundamentally based on coordinative abilities, kindred reaction time, balance, rhythm, orientation course etc., in Judo during uchikomi (repetition practice) the rhythmic ability and coupling ability plays a study role as the technique to be perfec ted by retell the movement a number of times. Kuzushi (off-balancing the opponent) is one of the pre- requisites for applying a successful range which needs the attacker to be in good balance and posture. A learned judokas uses his reaction to get advantage of the opponents slow and improper attacks in applying counter throws. In the game of Judo, after each bout, a judoka employments against a new opponent of different height. Posture measurement add to some extent different tip (specially in open lading category) that enable him to adjust and transform his grips, techniques, postures and movement depending on the opponent, hence to meet such situation, he requires a top class differentiation ability. During the osaewaza (ground work) there are numerous situations when a judoka tries to clear the opponent, and the opponent lying below is futile to see the movements and positions adopted by the inclination of weight and body parts of the opponent touching him it is where he u ses his orientation abilities to defend himself from holding, locking and chocking technique (Sisodia, 2000).Wrestling belongs to the group of sports disciplines with complex movement activities in which an essential role is played by coordination motor abilities. A high level of coordination improvement, since the earliest long time, corroboratoryly influences the process of learning new movements as well as enables to make a more effective use of technical and tactical skills during a sports fight. Therefore, the formation of coordination abilities, since the earliest years, is the condition of training young wrestlers effectively.The unceasingly changing life process creates different needs and emphasis for different individuals, as they grow older. There is an optimum level of fitness for different age groups, and for better understanding of physical fitness the components of physical fitness must be cognise. The components of physical fitness as listed by Lason and Yocomare fortress to diseases, muscular strength, muscular power, muscular endurance, endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, speed, agility, co-ordination, balance and accuracy.An individual with a high level of motor ability, possessing the basic motor qualities necessary for achieving chastity in a number of activities, whitethorn still be inefficient to perform well in a particular sport unless he has developed specific skills for that sport through long hours of practices.In technical and combat sports, beautiful and graceful movements are a product of well developed technical skills and coordinative activities. The coordinative abilities, to a great extent, determine the maximum limits to which sport performance can be improved in several sports, especially the sports which depend largely on technical and tactical factors.Experts in training recently have been using the term technique, and coordinative abilities together as one performance factor (technique coordination or technique /coordination), since both are interrelated and interdependent. They have in common the process of the taking in and processing information for the regulation of action which enable the sportsman to direct and control his movement according to changing situation. Both these qualities postulate coordination of the nervous and muscular systems. The learning of motor movement has positive effect on coordination abilities necessary for the perfection of sports technique. Still these two qualities differ in the degree of their general training, methodic and the level of development. In case of motor skill, processes are largely automatised for the effective execution of a wide number of movements similar to each other.Coordinative abilities play an important role in quick changing of body position during game. In some sports, like combative sports, coordinative abilities are very essential for better and effective movement for any execution of movement. In sports, coordinative ability or the combination of various coordination abilities play a vital role for the execution of any skill or movement. The combination of various coordinative abilities is face-saving for the execution of any movement or skill.The coordinative ability plays a significant role in learning consolidation and mastery of skills. poke and defense occur frequently in fistfight and it is assumed that these skills may have strong relationship with coordinative abilities. In other combat games like judo, grappling etc, the player gets very limited time to perform, and raise reaction ability plays a vital role. Besides reaction ability, the other abilities, namely Balance, Rhythm, Coupling, Adaptation. Orientation ability, Balance ability play a vital role in the performance of skill in the combative sports. get coordination is a part and parcel of action regulation and is closely linked with the process of cognitive, psychic and movement execution aspect of an action. Coordination a bilities have also important and strong link with motor skills as motor coordination forms the basis of both. Coordination has been one of the key factors in terms of performance skill in efficient manner. It is generally seen that top level players possess abundance of coordination for developing skill in a variety of ways. assail sportCombat sport is a competitive seize sport where two combatants fight against each other using certain rules of engagement, typically with the aim of simulating parts of real hand of combat. Judo, wrestling, boxing, mixed martial arts and fencing are examples of combat sports. The techniques used can be categorized into triple domains grappling, striking and weapon usage. Some rule- sets specialize in one area, while others allow overlap. Sports related to combat skills have been a part of human husbandry for thousands of years. The antiquated prodigious Games were largely composed of sports that tested skills related to combat, such as armoured foot race, wrestling, boxing, pankration, chariot racing amongst others. This tradition of combat sports was taken even further by the Romans with gladiators who would fight with weapons, often to the death. done the middle Ages and Renaissance the Tournament became popular, with the joust as a mine event. While the tournament was popular amongst Aristocrats, combative sports where practiced by the all levels of society.Combat sports occupy a significant place among sports and games. It is a game of anticipation and masterful skill, deception and concentration. It requires mental and physical attributes to be in the top gear to tackle all eventualities in a bout. A bout is won by the perfect amalgam of physical condition, skills, recognise and most importantly, the coordination.BoxingBoxing is a combat sports between two combatants who use their fists to achieve supremacy over their opponent. Like wrestling, boxing has ancient roots, as it was well known to the cultures of Medite rranean Sea and Egypt before it was first include in the Greek majestics in 688 BC. Boxing was later known as pugilism, a derivative of the Latin term for a fighter, from which comes the slang term pug.Boxing was first introduced in 1904 St. Louis, in the modern Olympic Games. It has remained a sport where the competition is organized along weight sorting lines, as it is presumed in boxing, like other combat sports judo, and wrestling that the heavier competitor is generally the stronger competitor. With some variations as to categories, all pro boxing, as well as amateur competition, is determined by weight class. And in the year of 1951 New Delhi, it was first introduced into the Asian games in India.Boxing is mainly divided into amateur and professional two categories, and Amateur Boxing Association (A.B.A.) is the highest establishment body of boxing. It was formed in the year 1885 in London. It controls the tournament in the Olympic Games, amateur Boxing, including Asian Games etc. In India on may 13, 1948 the I.A.B.F. was formed at a meeting of provincial representatives who were in Calcutta for the Olympic trials.The only significant difference between Olympic and professional boxing is the length of the rounds in each bout and the use of protective gear. In Olympic competition, all fighters must wear protective headgear and each round is two minutes in duration, with one-minute intervals, and four rounds in total. passe-partout bouts can last from eight to 15 rounds, depending on the weight classification, and win in the sport of boxing is similarly varied between amateur, Olympic, and professional bodies, but the general principles are consistent across the sport.Boxing matches are scored by the referee who is in the ring to maintain order and to visit the rules of the sport, as well as by three judges stationed outside the ring who assess the fight based on a pull ahead system. Each punch that, in the opinion of the referee, lands on the o pponents head or body will score a point. Penalties may be impose in the scoring system for such items as a low blow, which is a punch delivered below the belt line of the opponent a head butt or any other type of contact that is not permitted by the rules. When the fight is not concluded with either a knockout or a technical knockout at the end of the last round, the fighter with the highest number of points will be deemed the winner. If the points total is equal, the fight is declared a draw.The fighting stance is similar to the traditional athletic stance common to the execution of some sports, with the knees bent and the hips flexed to permit agility and the establishment of a stable position. In the fighting stance, the underdrawers hands are maintained in a defensive position in front of the head, to protect against punches aimed there.A counterpunch is a blow delivered in an immediate response to one received from an opponent. A combination is a series of two or more diffe rent punches thrown consecutively. The packers footwork is of critical importance to the delivery of a strong punch from a balanced position. Footwork that permits the boxer to maintain balance as the blows are delivered and absorb is the base on which an effective punch can be delivered an ability to move gracefully and with agility will often permit a boxer to escape dangerous encounters with the opponent.The tactics employed in a boxing match are a combination of a particular boxers strengths, the opponents perceived weaknesses, and the status of the fight at a given timeBoxing training is a very physically demanding process. Boxing is a sport that is anaerobic, in terms of the intervals of high intensity activity contained within each round it is also aerobic in its requirements that the boxer builds a powerful physical recovery mechanism, to assist the body in returning to its natural balance between each round. Effective boxing programmes will make ample provision for the de velopment of both energy systems. Boxers have traditionally employed skipping and running (road-work) to enhance their cardiovascular proficiency.Agility, lateral quickness, and hand-eye coordination are fundamental to boxing success. The mechanics of the delivery of a punch require the instant coordination of footwork with arm action.The physical risks of boxing are many lacerations to the face, fractured noses, damage to the ear cartilage and similar injuries caused by punches to these areas are common to boxers. The most serious boxing injuries are those caused by a blow or a series of blows to the head, most commonly box and subdural hematoma. Concussion is a humor injury in which the brain is violently moved within the fluid that supports it within the skull (http//www.faqs.org)JudoJudo is an art and sports, founded by Jigaro Kano of Japan in 1882. He took the best of Jujitsu self-defence techniques and cut out those that were harmful. He modified others so that they could be practised safely. Judo uses skill and flexibility for attack and defence. Judo is known as Gentle Way. Strength is of course applied but it is even more important to know how to use it. In emergencies, Judo can be a form of self-defence (Goldman, 1986).Judo may be described as a science for the study of potential power of the body and mind and the way of applying them most efficiently in competitive activities. Hence, it is involved with the study of the laws of gravitation, dynamics and mechanics as related to the function of human body. Efficiency in Judo is certainly a worthful assets, but the real value applied to life in the effects which the training produces on the state of the body and mind (G.Koizumi, 1960).Judo was first introduced into Olympic competition in 1964, and it has subsequently become accepted as a high level combat sport for both men and women. Judo has significant world wide appeal, both as a recreational edict activity, with participants who seek a measure of improved physical fitness of an individual, and ad hominem pleasure, as well as status as an elite level sport.Judo in wide sense, can be physical culture, in the narrow sense, a sport as physical culture, it can be an charm into a special form of physical experience of an intrinsic need, an increase of awareness of what the body is capable of doing. As a sport, the individual can participate in violent competition, experience the conflict of one skill opposed to another. As a man-made skill it can develop the bad and the good in any personality (Geof, 1988).Worldwide judo competitions are sanctioned through the International Judo Federation (IJF), an organization with national presidential term body members in most nations of the world. Judo is organized as a weight category competition, as larger athletes would possess a natural competitive advantage against smaller athletes, given the nature of judo and its physical requirements.Judo has a standardized ranking system for i ts participants, which may range from children under 10 years of age to persons in their 70s and beyond. Athletes are judged on their ability to execute various standard throws and holds the athlete is accoladeed his judo belt with the colour of the belt signifying their level of proficiency. blacken belts are reserved for the masters of the sport, known as dans a ten percent level black belt is the highest level ever awarded in judo. The award of a belt is not necessarily related to Olympic or international competitive achievement.Judo is one of the combat sport of coordination, where strength, balance, flexibility, reaction and time are employed to create tactical advantages. All judo participants wear an equivalent uniform, the judogi. The competitors wear no other clothing or footwear during the course of bout in competition.The objective of competitive judo is to defeat the opponent in one of the three ways to successfully throw the opponent onto his sustain to hold the opponent on his moxie for a period of 25 seconds to disable the opponent by way of a choke hold or an arm lock that prevents his further movement. Judo is the only Olympic sport where choking or the potential fractures of an opponents arm are legal techniques.throughout the course of the contest, the judoka are scored in their movements by three judges, one of whom who is on the mat, the remaining judges are positioned on the edges of the competitive surface. The judges assess not only the raw numerical value of the score, but the quality or any impressive aspect of a single manoeuvre. Points are also scored through the award through penalty points are not deducted from the offenders score, but added to the opponents tally.As a general rule, a judoka may hear to knock over the competitor by attacking their legs, by wholesale the feet of the opponent from under them, or by performing one of the many permitted throws. Much of judo success is built upon the ability of a competitor to execute the desired throw while establishing a low centre of gravity through which to move dynamically across the mat. Many judo moves are also executed in mid-air, and the understanding by the judoka of the importance of maintaining a low centre of gravity is essential in landing in a stable position.The brute strength that athletes often develop through weight training may assist in judo, but will never likely be determinative to competitive success. Training exercises that emphasize balance and coordination movement within which the athlete is able to move explosively are the foundation of judo success. As the body of a judoka may be ill-shapen and contorted by the application of opponent force during an event, stretching to achieve maximum flexibility and range of joint motion are essential to prevent fluid movement and to assist in the prevention of injury(http//www.faqs.org).WrestlingWrestling is hand combat between two competitors subject to certain rules, during which each competitor tries to control the movement of the other through the complex technical- tactical moves and by using all their physical and psychological potential (Petrov, 1987).Wrestling is one of the worlds oldest forms of athletic competition. Many cultures had forms of wrestling as a component of their military preparation. The ancient Olympics included wrestling, with the competition first put down as taking place in the Games of 708 BC.The recognized sport of wrestling is an athletic event, sanctioned by the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA), and it is included as both an international and Olympic competition.More than 4000 years agone at the dawn of civilization, we find that wrestling was highly developed in Asia and Egypt, then introduced in Greece wrestling was introduced in Rome in the last quarter of the second century B.C. Wrestling developed in England in an early era. China was the first in which wrestling was introduced among the Asian cou ntries, in India history of wrestling can be traced as far back as 4000 years B.C. (Dubey, 1964).Wrestling is a sport involving two athletes active in a physical competition that is limited to a contract area defined on a mat. The general object of all types of wrestling is one wrestler attempts to force the shoulders of the opponent to the floor in a prescribed manner. The contest, a bout, is generally two rounds, each three minutes in duration. A wrestler wins a bout by either scoring a fall against the opponent, or by accumulating points through the s

Care Of People With Learning Disabilities

Cargon Of pack With training DisabilitiesRegardless of the in a higher place menti cardinald fact, a large mass of the population, in the UK continues to suffer from blatant drip in legal injury of receiving quality easyness grapple. Although in that location argon diverse go offered by the disposal at several(a) levels to ensure straightlaced bid of patients, the more psychological and moral aspects of conduct for the soul and dignity in headness bursting charge be usually ignored. This radical, projects to probe the unhomogeneous(a) issues link up to the element of dignity as it pertains to provision of wellness reverence of volume low-down from information disabilities, and explores the range of run acquirable to them, at various stages of life, from birth till death. the great unwashed with instruction Disabilities be one(a) of the most Vulnerable groups in the monastic do (De dowryment of wellness 2001). It is estimate that there are ever yplace 800,000 bulk in the UK aged over 20 years who occupy a erudition disabilities and this number could be modernize by 14 percent to 900,000 by 2021 (De comparisontment of Health 2005a). gravitas in distribute has become an serious policy thrust for the pack with teaching balk and its a fairly recent trend for brasss to feel that it is their routine to enlighten lot how to do their job rather than just great deal broad guidelines/policy parameters for the Health and social service (Wainwright. 2008)Meaning and description of the terms and Concepts employThe terms and / or concepts which are frequently used throughout this deliberate, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Dignity, Learning Dis mogul, and disfranchise Death, are explained in the prosecuteing sectionThe term Dignity is defined asDignity is concerned with how muckle feel, think and be brace in relation to the price or value of themselves and others. To treat someone with dignity is to trea t them as being of worth, in a way that is respectful of them as treasured individuals (RCN, 2008).Dignity in allot consists of numerous overlapping phases which pertaining to respect, privacy, independence and self-esteem. The ephemeral sense of dignity used as a guide which establish on standard dictionary definition.At state, quality or modality worthy of esteem or respect and self-respect. Dignity in occupy, therefore, mode the kind of care, in any restrainting, which supports and promotes, and does not undermine, a persons self-respect irrespective of any difference. (A desk query report prepared for the Department of Health 2009)Learning Dis dexterity In the UK in 1995 there was a ground bubble up of opinion and referred to as mentally handicapped their families and those who worked with them, brought about a neuter in terminology from mental handicapped to study disability(M.Brown-2003).Learning disability includes the presence ofA signifi set uptly reduced abilit y to translate naked as a jaybird or complex information, to learn new skills (impaired intelligence), with a reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning) and a condition which started before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development (Scottish Executive, 2010).Disenfranchised DeathDisenfranchised death is death that is not openly acknowledged with the demise person, where the dying person is socially excluded from the process of dying and deliberately excluded from the decision make processes (Read, 2006 96)However, limited follow-uping different context of reading disability care reveals a miscellany of ways in which the term has been defined several times (Department of Health 2001a, Gates 2003,Grant et al 2005, O Hara Sperlinger 1997). Within the United Kingdm lerning dibility i the term ued when referring t ele with gnitive imirment. rund the wrld term inlude intelletul dibility, develmentl dibility, mentl hndi nd mentl retrdtin. lerning di bility i life-lng nditin tht uully scrubl n r rund the time f birth nd reult in redued bility t undertnd new nd mlex infrmtin nd e indeendently.Research QuestionThe basic research question this paper tries to address isDignity in health care for stack with tuition disabilities (LD) Fact or a Farce?Through this question an start is make toExamine the range of services currently issued to wad with learning disabilities.Whether much(prenominal) services are in conformity with the overall objectives set by the government.Whether there exists any discrimination or prejudice amongst people with learning disabilities and the normal public in providing such services.Whether the claims made by the government concerning equating and fair treatment of such people hold true.The answers to the above questions, as provided through the literature review volition help in determining whether dignity in care for people with learning disabilities is a fact or a farce.Aims and Objective sThe of import aim of this study is to explore the issues colligate to dignity as it pertains to health care of people suffering from learning disabilities. The objectives includeTo explore the range of challenges go about and problems encountered by people suffering from learning disabilitiesAssess the quality of health care services available to themInvestigate the need for a omnibus(prenominal) and an all-encompassing health care policy for such peopleTo understand and compare the type of services offered and available to themTo explore the role of carers, health care institutions and other support services in enhancing their status and ensuring their well-being. moralityThe concept of ethics has evolved recently from the modest definition of the term that of constituted ethics, to its gradual transformation into various branches and sub-types such as bio ethics, ethics cerebrate to military personnel rights and to the more recent, health policy ethics. Ethics in terms of health care refers to the equitable and fair distribution of resources, benefits and services among the people, dis tendernessing of their age, gender, race, ethnicity, socio-economic background or the kind of illness they are suffering with. equity in treatment of illnesses, hence, is an inevitable and inseparable part of health care ethics.On account of growing concerns regarding the inequitable treatment given to people with learning disabilities the initiatives related to providing adequate and good quality health care have gained momentum.Activists worldwide, campaigning for the cause of provision of adequate health care facilities for people with various disabilities, have restlessly pushed for dignity in health care, especially towards people with learning disabilities. They have demanded a thorough review of policies and principles of health care to ensure dignity of such people. (Morrison, 2008).As the nuance confidently strides towards a new millennium, there is likely to be a rise in group of supporters campaigning for and advocating ethics in health care with a special stress on protecting and fend for human dignity. such(prenominal) a cause which is advocated by academic scholars, researchers, human right groups and activists also, must, hence be taken up seriously and detach policies are developed at the local, regional as well as national levels to ensure compliance (Fulford et al, 2002).Ethics in general and in health care in particular, has undergone a major transformation from a concept which was initially confined to protecting the interests of an individual to a fully fledged social concern. and so it is inevitable for the health care institutions to take such a matter into consideration while developing strategies and implementing health care policies, which involves people with learning and other developmental disabilities.Project Methods/MethodologyFor the resolve of this study, phenomenological research methodology is chosen, whereby observations are made on the basis of info collected from trusted government websites such as the NHS, published research reports, medical journals, books as well as magazines and newspapers.In send to sue the research objectives, an attempt was made to explore, analyze and seek information related to soft studies which aimed atAssessing the plight of people suffering from learning disabilities.The comprehension of such people towards the health care facilities made available by the government.The existence of various services and its effectiveness and addressing the key issues and challenges faced by such people.The need for accomplished carers and the knowledge which they must possess in order to be able to deal with such people, in a smash and efficient manner.The various obstacles which may be encountered while transaction with patients suffering from learning disabilities right from detective work to end-of-life care, etc among others.This research is based on t he phenomenological research methodology, which takes into consideration the perspectives of other researchers, and research reports published by government departments comprising of first hand information and accounts of people suffering from learning disabilities. jibe to Dilthey, (in Rapport, 2004)The quest to understand more and better is essentially a qualitative pursuit that requires an experience-near language. It starts with experiences we already understand and expands and deepens these understandings into broader and different contexts through dialogue with otherness. such(prenominal) understanding proceeds by a mode of analysis in which meaning arises out of relating parts to whole (Pp. 80)Literature review helps in assessing, analyzing and interpreting various studies conducted by scholars, and researchers with regard to the progeny under study and helps in justifying and substantiating the research hypothesis. Literature reviews help in summarizing the various perspec tives presented by the researchers with regard to the given topic and lend more believability to the subject being discussed. According to Burns and Grove (2005)Literature review is an organized written presentation of what has been published on a topic by scholars. The purpose of the review is to convey to the reader what is currently cognise regarding the topic of interest (Pp.93).Literature ReviewPeople with learning disabilities are very much excluded within rescript also have little assert over their own lives, and were more likely than others to have bad things hap in their lives (Joint Committee on Human Rights, 2008). People with learning disabilities, and specially older ones, are among those groups of people who are faced with various barriers, such as access to good quality health care and equality in opportunities and health care services available to them, which add to their woes by making it all the more difficult to cope with their disability (Jenkins, 2005 Frey , 2006). People with learning disabilities comprise of a highly vulnerable section of the ball club and have limited access to health care facilities / services offered to them. Hence they are often faced with obstacles and challenges while copying with grave situations such as loss and bereavement of loved ones, personal illness, death etc (Elliott, 1995). which in turn tends to aggravate their situation and increase their dependence on the society which includes their friends, family and loved ones as well as the community in general. They are known to have been ignored persistently in terms of providing services in the need of personal illness, death, and other challenging life situations, thence increasing their vulnerability all the more.One of the most common characteristics discovered in case of people with learning disabilities, on the basis of various studies, is their inability to communicate effectively. Although some of them can communicate their thoughts, feelings, fears and emotions effortless, a majority of them find it difficult to communicate accurately, in a meaningful manner. Such a drawback, often leads to further serious complications, such as detection of any major health problems, thus putting their lives at danger (Gates, 2007 Great Britain Joint Committee on Human Rights Report, 2008).According to Tuffrey-Wijne (2003), one of the most effective means of accurate medical assessment is fascinate and effortless communication and any irregularity in communicating issues related to ones health often, invariably leads to disastrous results, which affects the health of the individual in question, and leads to foolish and undesirable outcomes. The outcome of ineffective communication and inability to communicate ones health problems is even more lethal in case of people with learning disabilities. According to Tuffrey-Wijne (1997) any inefficiency on the part of the individual suffering from learning disability, to communicate their hea lth problems, may lead to a late diagnosing which further leads to an incorrect prognosis, and ultimately ends in untimely death of the individuals concerned. function of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS 1998) showed that 48% of people with learning disabilities have impairment in one sensory domain and 18% are doubly impaired. or so significant issues are eating problem, nutrition, sleeping, respiratory function problems, foot care, throw together conditions, pressure sores, bowel problems and gear disease (J.OHaraA.Sperlinger, 1997). Improved access to health care services for people with learning disabilities is a step forward in ensuring their well being. Good quality physiologic and mental care services can go a long way in ensuring their long term safety. Furthermore increased commitment on the part of the carers and other health care service providers is probably one of the instant(prenominal) and cheapest ways to ensure their better health. One of the most import ant and of the essence(p) elements of health care services is offering end-of-life care services to people with learning disabilities.Communication, with respect to people with learning disabilities, is not restricted to the specified transfer of thoughts to the other person/s but in fact, it includes the ability that other person, to whom the information is being communicated, to accurately interpret the thoughts being conveyed, suffice promptly on the information made available to them, and ensure follow up. Such a form of reciprocal communication is an extremely important and fundamental survival tool, for people with learning disabilities. According to Kerr et al (1996) available statistics have indicated that as many as 50% of the people suffering from learning disability suffer from some form of communication impairment, which includes difficulties in cognition, hearing, language, speech or social interaction (Ambalu, 1997). This is a matter of grave concern for the care gi vers as well as the government health care institutions which are involved in providing health care services to people with disabilities.Another equally critical aspect, which is generally observed with regard to the people with learning disabilities, is the nix science about such people among the common public, which in turn further gives rise to an equally minus reaction from people with learning disabilities which arises from the feeling that they are being negatively viewed (Gates, 2007). According to Thornton (1996), Lindop and Read (2000) and Read (2006) the major reasons behind such negative perception of people with learning disabilities is the lack of adequate knowledge as well as lack of professional experience which invariably leads to negative attitudes among people towards those with learning disabilities. According to Mencap (2004) such factors may further terminate into professional incongruity and prejudicial treatment, thereby further hampering their mental and physical well-being ultimately leading to institutional discrimination and poor health care for such people. Create sentiency and build up social relationships with people with learning disabilities, consideration unavoidably to be given to how to aver relationships, using e genuinelyday opportunities to engage in valued conversation. Often, as carers, main interaction with people is associated with personal care (Ambalu in OHara Sperlinger1997). The government colour Paper Valuing people A new strategy for Learning harm for the 21st Century (Department of Health 2001a) clearly set the agenda for us, in offering appropriate and effective support people with learning disabilities in their everyday lives.Critical CommentaryLearning Disability is a label. People with learning disability are people first.The British Institute of Learning Disabilities, 2010Thus it is compulsory that such people receive utmost care and quality health care services which, if not better, at par wit h the facilities and services enjoyed by the rest of the population, disregardless of their mental / physical health. People, regardless of their backgrounds i.e. race, ethnicity, gender, age, or socio-economic backgrounds they belong to, have an equal and just right to have access to quality health care services, and the denial of such a basic right, is the denial of human rights.It has been observed, on the basis of the above research, that people suffering from learning disabilities are often victims of negative public perception and lack of professionalism displayed by the carers, which forces this group to succumb to their illnesses, which often goes undetected. Such unvoiced deaths, are common among people with learning disability (Read, 2006) and hence requires active steps to be taken on the national level. In order to eliminate and / reduce the occurrence of such disenfranchised deaths among people with learning disabilities it is necessary and extremely important for th e general population to treat such people with dignity, and respect. They deserve an equal right to be treated as adults and equal citizens.Such a policy entails implementation of creative health care strategies specifically aimed at people with learning disability, as well as active participation and cooperation on the part of the carers, in order to ensure effective communication, which in turn, as observed from the above research, ensures better understanding of the problems faced by them, a prompt analysis and diagnosis and an effective treatment.ConclusionDignity in care is a very critical element of health care, and considering the fact that people with learning disabilities are amongst the largely socially disqualified and hence highly vulnerable, groups in the UK it requires conterminous attention at both institutional as well as national level. People suffering from learning disabilities are socially ignored, and often are subject to prejudicial treatment, partly owing to lack of awareness and more so, on account of the lack of availability of opportunities. They rarely have proper employment and have little or no find out over the carers who are appointed for looking after their well-being.Moreover their concerns are barely discussed on a wider platform. This situation is grave and calls for immediate qualifying and positive reforms. People with learning disabilities are equally respectable members of the society and they need to be treated with dignity and care which they deserve. Concerns such as unemployment, proper health care, education, housing, social security, etc should be addressed by the government in association with the local councils and ensure its proper access to the people with in dire need of such services. Proper implementation of well designed policies and measures and synchronized co-ordination of all members of the community can go a long way in securing the well being of such people.It can be difficult at times, and extremel y challenging but such positive practice by the health care service providers and carers alike can pave way for better networking, collaborative working and interdisciplinary support, thus ensuring their health and safety in the long run (BILD,2010).. It is imperative that the government and the leading health care institutions champion this cause, and instigate, lead and set ahead such good practice initiatives by providing professional and well trained carers for people with learning disabilities. Hence gaining trust and building relationship over a period of time are important consideration not only establishing and maintaining relationships, but also in thinking about remainder (I. Peate D. Fearns 2006). In conclusion, strict guidelines and policies are not enough at times, and it needs a collaborative effort on all fronts to strive to provide better care to people with learning disabilities.

Post modernism and our contemporary social work understanding

Post youthfulism and our coeval amicable report mindDrawing on material from the module, critic altogethery discuss the extent to which theories relating to brand modern fontism allege our accord of an facet or aspects of contemporary amicable use.Theories of get offmodernism take aim gathered pace crosswise all aspect of brotherly opening. This is often referred to as the postmodern crook (Best and Kellner, 1997). The increment of the modern/postmodern debate in response to economic, affectionate and cultural transformation has signifi goatt implications for businesss much(prenominal) as affectionate twist (Crook et al, 1992). A vast array of literature has emerged with an interest in judgment changes to well- being provision and accessible guide in relation to post contemporaneousness (Parton, 1994).This school text depart critically discuss the extent to which theories relating to post modernism inform our understanding of contemporary societal blac k market. Being with the emergence of postmodern theory it will attempt to define this phenomenon by exploring the spot themes. Focusing on two elements in particular, welfare and anti-oppressive dedicate, this text will try to identify characteristics of postmodern accessible naturalize using modernity as basis for comparison and outline. To conclude collaborative theories such as affirmative or critical postmodernism will be explored as thoughts that inform understanding and guide social blend practice into an onslaught that combines both(prenominal) personal and social factors.Postmodernist social theory began to emerge in the 1960s and 1970s. It developed into the 1980s where the concepts of globalization and reflexivity change demesne incorporated. directly the postmodern debate continues to influence social work policy and practice (Walker, 2001). Postmodern theory developed as a response to a perceived crisis of modernity brought on by factors such as quicken eco nomic harvest, consumerism and resource depletion (Boggs, 1993). For umteen theorists such as Lyotard (1991) modernity failed to secure its supposed aims of democracy, human freedom and social justice done its demo ground world view.Amongst theorists there is little consensus about when the world become post modern or if indeed it has giving rise to a plethora of postmodern perspectives and associated terms such as late modern, post-industrial, post-structural and uplifted or late modernity (Dodd, 1999). Some theorists attempt to explain postmodernism historically whilst others consider it synonymous with the last of historical time (Felski, 2000, p.2). As a result postmodernism proves difficult to define. There is however a common feature that stack be identified within most postmodern theory, the demise of mega-narratives (Lyon, 1994). Factors such as uncertainty, flux, ambiguity, pluralism and diversity have also been identified as characteristics of a postmodern guild (Turner, 2006). The influx of postmodern theories has changed the discourse of social science shifting the centre from analysis of social structure to analysis of meaning (Noble, 2004).In considering the impact of theories relating to postmodernism attention should be minded(p) to what characterises modern and postmodern social work. companionable work can be considered a child of modernity (Parton and Marshall, 1998). The foundations of modernity were set in understanding the social world done occasion, objectively and scientific study (Boggs, 1993). Some present that it was this presence of logical stemma and commitment to reason that equipped social work with tools to identify and distribute oppression (Noble, 2004). For this reason social work has spent most of its adolescence within the social sciences focusing on an tell lower-rankingd progression to practice (Payne, 2005). Writers such as Gellner (1992) and Hambermas (1987, cited by Leonard 1997) countenance that if separated from repression and domination human reason is still the most enounce-of-the-art force for tackling the social world.A modernist perspective assumes that there is or so persistent essence or ethical base that informs social work (Noble, 2004). This was a popular perspective in the 1970s where pursuit for a synthesized come to theory and practice was accelerated and arguments were made for the adit of generic practitioners and departments (Howe, 1994). The argument that in the age of modernity social order is maintained through self-regulation, systematic enquiry and expertise put forward by Foucault (1975), goes about look toward explaining the development and popularity of therapeutic approaches within social work. Promoting psychological understanding became a basis for social work with treatment and rehabilitation forming the foundations of the profession (Payne, 2005). There is of course considerable debate as to whether social work did produce with such e mancipatory aims and its promotion of customaryism and objectively is certainly challenged by the postmodern discourse.Social work, from a postmodern perspective, stresses attention to power dilution, diversity, the authority of the return user, pluralistic perspectives and a fluid approach to intervention (Parton and OByrne, 2000). In this approach universalism is rejected and practitioners no longer strive to understand human demeanor through a theoretic framework. Multiple public inquiries into child deaths and institutional abuse have shaken faith in psychologically based techniques, questioning their ability to support individuals to function safely in society (Walker, 2001). This coupled with criticisms from radical social work perspectives has pull ind lieu for a levelheaded and social justice framework to emerge (Howe, 1994). Within this framework social workers are change magnitudely judged by their effectiveness giving reason, urges (Aldridge, 1996), for social wor kers to compact their expertise and become more confident to articulate responses to criticism.An implication of function finish is that social work practice becomes task-orientated and performance related (Hugman, 2003). It is for this reason that postmodernism has been recapitulationd for responding only to the surface of events with little inclination to explore what is behind this (Ferguson and Levalette, 1999). Social work is reduced to a set of organisational procedures dictated by codes of conduct, at a time the idea of a common theoretical base underpinning all social work practices is abandoned, the full implications of the controlling nature of legislation and policy can be unleashed (Howe, 1994, p.524).Having considered what characterises modern and postmodern social work we can begin to explore how these perspectives inform different aspects of social work. Given that social work is submerged in the welfare debate it seems a logical starting line point to consider in relation to postmodernism (Pease and Fook, 1999). Understanding postmodern theory in this sensation gives insight into the political and social climate that shapes practice. Concerns have been raised regarding the impact of the postmodern discourse. Writers such as Powell (2001) suggest that the welfare system provides an essential usance in taming unwieldy elements of capitalism through a terra firma supported redistributing welfare system. Although modernist thinkers would concede that the welfare state has never fully succeeded in addressing inherent inequalities, its very existence has change the standards of living for the majority (Noble, 2004). Therefore it is hardly surprising that concerns are being voiced over an increasing neo-liberal agenda and subsequent downsizing of the state in favour of a free securities industry economy (Midgly, 1999). The introduction of quasi-markets and mixed economies of care has resulted in what is referred to as a contract culture (Ife, 199). Powell (2001) suggests that the erosion of the welfare state has placed barriers to humanistic social policies and as a result professions such as social work campaign to retain central to service provision and to advance their wider aims of social justice.Postmodernism with its bring down for universal determine and ethics coupled with globalisation and the continued sprinkle of capitalism are the driving forces behind this change (Noble, 2004). Ritzer (1995) attempts to define the spot of society and social relationships in relation to a global market economy. Warning of the de-humanizing influences of large multi-national corporations Ritzer (1995, p34) highlights working practices that, exemplify the contemporary rationalisation routine within globalization of culture. The four main elements of these working practices evolving, efficiency, calculability and predictability are increasing present within social work.Naturally these concerns are not overlap by ev eryone. Many postmodern theorists argue that that the welfare state has continuously been a source of controversy never reaching consensus on how it should be organized, funded or distributed (Dominelli, 1996). Modernists can be critiqued for failing to ac familiarity the welfare state as a mechanism for reproducing social inequality through the path in which resources are accessed and priorities established (Walton 1975, cited by Dominelli, 2004). Giddens (1991) identifies the welfare state as bound to traditional family and gender systems. Fraser and Gordon (1994) observe the gendered nature of welfare suggesting that policies centred on dependency, often associated with femininity, continue negative representations of women and other disadvantages groups. Jordon and Jordan (2000) suggest instead that the terce Way in politics, dismissed as oppressive capitalism by commentators such as Bauman (2002), has a moral fibre in the sense of offering justice and comprehension without forcing conformity. Rights and freedoms are offered in the context of the market place, individuals have prize by means of being a consumer (Howe 1994). It is argued that the growth of the voluntary sector and changes to decision making and management structures are creating space for more innovative and personalised service delivery which is free from the constraints of institutional barriers (Walker, 2001).The modern postmodern debate gathers pace when considered in relation to anti-oppressive practice. here there are further concerns regarding the postmodernism influence on social work. Writers such as Ferguson and Levalette (1999) have argued that postmodern perspectives have little to contribute to anti-oppressive practice. Without universal ethics and values it becomes difficult to transform power relations or to identify common experiences that oppressed groups may share (Callinicos, 1995). The main critique that Ferguson and Levalette (1999) lobby on postmodernism is if a ll discourses are to be treated as valid the basis for distinguishing oppression is removed. Some feminists among other political critics argue that postmodernism, with its rejection of meta-narratives disempowers socially disadvantages groups at the very point at which they fill to imply emancipation in the name of universalistic fantasys of justice and equality (Leonard, 1997). To address this requires a separation of emancipatory theory from oppressive ideology. The notion that emancipation can have a normative foundation is considered by postmodernism to be unsound. provided advocates of modernity such as Hambermas (1987, cited by Leonard 1997) advocate the aim for a standard or a form of undistorted communication to remain in order to distinguish and challenge oppression.Smith (1994, p.26) raises concerns that in a postmodern society oppression becomes self defined, the relationship between an individuals social slip and their identity becomes separated resulting in no ob jective elbow room to locate a primary source of oppression. Smith (1994) also suggests that the exultation of diversity that postmodernism promises only serves to trivialise real oppression felt by many disenfranchised groups. Increasingly concepts of identity have replaced discourses of oppression (Ferguson and Levalette, 1999). confidential information the charge on identity is Giddens (1991) who asserts that individuals are rational and reflexive agents who create and shape their own identities. This assumption that identity is a matter of choice has been challenged significantly. Commentators such as (Skeggs, 2001) have argued that choice and reflexivity is a classed phenomenon with many individuals having few and often undesirable lifestyles from which to choose.There are of course call arguments to be considered here. To some postmodernists modernity is, or was depending upon their perspective, a Eurocentric, patriarchal and baneful force legitimised through the oral com munication of science (Pease and Fook, 1999). In a modern society those in positions of power are able to determine how knowledge is understood and what knowledge is relevant (Howe, 1994). Postmodernism rejects the idea that grand theories such as liberalism, socialism and psychoanalysis have offered explanations for human development suggesting instead that they perpetuate oppression by demanding consensus to their absolute notions (Bauman, 1992).A universal knowledge base that informs understanding of human demeanor naturally assumes something transferable that can be applied across all societies and cultures (Dominelli, 1996). It has been suggested that this form of universalism equates to cultural domination and the emf for racist ideology (Leonard, 1997).Within this critique postmodernism suggests that diversity should be celebrated as a reflection of the polymorphous, non-unitary and con-consensual nature of the social word (Howe, 1994, p.524). A relativist approach in contr ast to a universal approach suggests all forms of behaviour are local rendering notions of human nature redundant (Howe, 1994). Postmodernism challenges the notion that perspectives such as Radical or critical social work are the only means by which emancipation can be achieved. In this context adopting universal truths as a basis for emancipation is deemed arrogant and unethical (Noble, 2004). Postmodernism spurns the concept of reason as an empancipatory force and suggests that a more empowering approach is through the embracing of pluralism and difference (Dodd, 1999, p.212).A describe element of postmodernist thinking is the importance of language. From a postmodern perspective it is the discourses that constitute social and economic life (Ferguson and Levalette, 1999). Howe (1994, p.552) explains that Language, once thought scarcely to reflect reality, now appears to constitute our reality in an independent eye socket of its own which carries meaning and culture. The notion that power is embedded in language offers scope for social workers to critically reflect and challenge dominant discourses and assumptions to turn away perpetuating oppressive practices (Fook et al, 2000). This highlights the transformative capacity of critical postmodernism to improve practice and facilitate social change (Morley, 2004 p. 299). However Ferguson and Levalette (1999) observe that new language and terminology although a force for challenging oppressive categorisation, does not change the material situation individuals face.In summary it is worth considering how postmodern perspectives can be unite and developed to offer an approach to social work that integrates diversity and flexibleness of meaning with the possibility of an ethical discourse that is shared rather than secernate (Hugman 2003, p.1035). Critical postmodernism based on a constructionist approach, combines flexibility of meaning with the understanding that society is socially constructed through the ac tions and relationships of its members (Hugman, 2003). In this sense postmodernism does not need to equate to the disappearance of traditional social work but nor does it need to succumb to a neo-liberal agenda (Sim, 1999).Ferguson and Lavalette (1999, p.28) in support of Leonard (1997) suggest another(prenominal) avenue in combining the postmodernism and structural discourses, by combining postmodernist themes with socio economic developments (informed by a Marxian perspective on globalisation and post-fordism), a rejuvenated emanicpatory social work can be developed. Parton and OByrne 2000) discuss the application of an affirmative postmodern social work which opens up thought towards greater inclusion and less prescriptive theories and methods of practice. Ife (1999) and Pease and Fook (1999) also support a social work that values diversity and uncertainty but maintains a political struggle towards social justice based on a commitment to some universal ethical and values. These theories offer a way of managing a changing society without removing a unified knowledge base or without forcing a postmodern retreat. In other words they provide a way forward that incorporates the personal with the political so that both are structured into a more relevant social work discourse (Noble, 2004, p.2).This text has gone some way towards outlining postmodern perspectives of contemporary social work. From this abbreviated analysis we can see that social work developed during the arrest of enlightenment or the age of modernity. As a result its focus became the development of a universal theoretical framework that informs knowledge in order to challenge social oppression. Changes within society have tending(p) rise to postmodern theories which offer social work the possibility of a fluid, pluralistic approach that promotes diversity and participation through the validity of all perspectives. As we have discussed neither of these approaches is without challenge or crit ique.Consideration has been given to the impact of postmodernism upon the welfare state and thus social work, outlining concerns relating to a neo-liberal agenda but questioning at the same time the suggested empacipatory nature and role of the state. The impact of postmodernism on anti-oppressive practice has been debated and implications for social work considered. Conclusions have been offered in the form of theories that combine postmodernism with elements of universalism and structural analysis. It has been clear throughout this journey that postmodernist theories have and continue to impact upon social work practice. In conclusion giving consideration to a postmodern perspective helps assists social work to examine the diverse, provisional and uncertain nature of all aspects of our world, including knowledge and skills and values and ethics (Hugman, 2003, p.1037).Word count 2,679

Individual Differences and Emotion Recognition Scores

Individual Differences and Emotion Recognition ScoresABSTRACTThis study investigates the completion to which individual divergences such as eld, sexual activity and levels of natural rational picture excise perception reference. Participants were tested by being shown pictures of antithetical facial sensations happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust and fear. Their dozens were then compared against the 3 factors. The findings show signifi open firet attest for sexual practice and levels of natural depression differences, but no remarkable negative correlational statistics was ensnare for eon. The findings were also back downed by previous studies, except for age. The results show that the guess can only be partially supported.INTRODUCTIONTerracciano, Merritt, Zonderman, and Evans (2003) study tested 2 assorts African American and Caucasian of 106 and 46 participants respectively. The African American smack consisted of 51 males and 55 females and had l ow- socioeconomic status with an compressed of 12 geezerhood of education. The Caucasian seek consisted of 24 males and 22 females with higher(prenominal) socioeconomic status, and an mean of 16 long time of education. Two types of perception of contact task (PAT) were utilize eccentric and sentence subtask (Lane et al., 1996). The results showed that the African American group fared poorer than the Caucasian group on both the faces and sentence task. Also when education was controlled for, the differences in advance remained. The Caucasian group had heartyly higher results for females over males in the face task, and also higher dozens in the sentence task. However, no gender difference was found in the African American group. These results send word that in that location could be also be a cultural variance in sensation intelligence.Calder et al. (2003) study examined 48 participants, half were betwixt 18 to 30 years old and the rest were in the midst of 58 and 70 y ears old. Within each age group, genders were disjointed evenly. Also, IQ was matched in the midst of groups. in that respect were shown a total of 60 photographs taken from the picture of facial affect series (Ekman and Friesen, 1976). Participants were shown these pictures in a random order and asked to choose the high hat expression label for the picture, with no time limit. Their results showed thither was a momentous link betwixt perception and age group. They also found that the old participants were significantly die at recognizing disgust. Further experiments showed that there was a return negative kindred amid actualization of facial expression and increase age. Also, it again confirmed previous results that recognizing disgust improved with age. Comparing results surrounded by age groups showed that, there was also no significant relationship between decline in recognition pull ahead of other perceptions and age. This suggests that poorer recognition in lat er age might not be collect to familiar cognitive impairment.The aim of this experiment is to determine whether individual differences like age, gender and depression levels could affect emotion recognition abilities. In the outlive mensuration depression levels, this experiment will compare differences in dozens against different facial expressions. For example, Gollan, Pane, McCloskey and Cocarro (2008) investigated patients with major depression and well-informed patients, 37 and 29 participants respectively. sexual activity was split evenly in both groups. They measured their responses for emotion recognition task using the Picture of facial Affect (Ekman and Friesen, 1976). Their results showed that demoralize patients play to recognize neutral faces as sad faces as compared to the healthy group. However, the healthy group tend to identify neutral faces as happy faces. My hypothesis is that the great business office to recognize emotions is affected by individual dif ferences, like gender, age and levels of depression.RESULTSIn this experiment, we were interest in the boilersuit effect of gender on emotion recognition. There was one in restricted variable which was gender, and this was an independent measures design. The dependent variable is the sum of recognition gain, a higher score indicated better trueness of identification. An Independent samples t-test was used. The Levenes test of homogeneity was significant F (38, 29.01) =12.257, p=0.001. This way of feel that the assumption of homogeneity of variance is violated. The Mann-Whitney U establish showed that there was a difference between male and female scores in recognising emotions. The mean rank of males and females was 13.75 and 27.25 respectively, z=-3.665, pFigure 1 Bar graph showing the difference in mean recognitions scores by gender.In this experiment we were interested in the relationship between age and overall emotion recognition scores. There were two variables, which was age and sum of recognition scores. A higher score indicated better accuracy of identification of emotion. The Pearsons correlational test was used, because we want to find the relationship between two variables. The correlational test showed that there is no significant negative relationship between the two variables, r=-0.184, n= , p=0.256. Two- tailed test.Figure 2 scatterplot showing no correlation between age and sum of recognition scores.In the last experiment we were interested in the effect of level of depression on emotion recognition scores. There was one independent variable- level of depression, and 3 levels normal, mildly depressed, exceedingly depressed by splitting the depression scores. Scores are split by 0- 9, 10-21, 22-36 respectively. The dependent variable was emotion recognition scores. A higher score indicates a better accuracy of emotion recognition. A one- means independent measures ANOVA was used. It is predicted that there would be differences between l evel of depression and recognition scores. Levenes test of homogeneity was significant F (2, 37) =11.67, pA multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the differences between levels of depression and ability of emotion recognition for different facial expressions. A non-significant calamitys M test, p = 0.001 indicated homogeneity of covariance matrices of the dependent variable crossways the levels of depression. At alpha level of 0.05, Wilks test was significant, p =0.022. This means that there are significant differences between levels of depression on the ability to recognize emotions. The Levenes test of homogeneity was only significant for scores of expression of anger, disgust and happiness (p =0.007, 0.002 and Thus, the findings show that there is significant difference between levels of depression and emotion recognition. Also, there is significant difference between the levels of depression and accuracy of disgusted expression recognition score s.Figure 3 Mean total sum of recognition scores for the groups, where 0 represents normal, 1 represents mild and 2 represents high level of depression.DISCUSSIONThis study has found evidence that suggests individual differences, for example gender and levels of depression affects emotion recognition. However, there were no significant correlations for age. The findings from the first experiment suggest that there was significant difference in performance between genders. It suggests that females were more accurate overall at identifying emotions compared to males. It is consistent with our prediction that individual differences have an effect on emotion recognition. Our findings of females with significant higher mean scores also support Terracciano et al. (2003) study that had homogeneous results within the Caucasian group. In the second experiment, the results suggest that there is no negative relationship between age and emotion recognition scores. These findings are not consist ent with our predictions that individual differences will affect ability for emotion recognition. However, our findings also support the study of Calder et al. (2003) that also had no significant correlation between age and emotion recognition. This could suggest that emotion recognition is not a dependent variable of age. Finally, in the last experiment the findings support our hypothesis that individual differences affect emotion recognition. The findings were similar to those of Gollan et al. (2008) to a certain extent. Gollan et al. (2008) found that depressed participants had a negative impact bias for facial expressions. However, evidence in our study suggests that highly depressed participants were only significantly better in accurately recognizing disgusted expressions. Thus, from the evidence we can see that our hypothesis is only partially supported.Furthermore, a correlational test only confirms a relationship exists, it does not show a definite cause and effect. Also, the number of highly depressed participants is not pertain in proportion to the whole sample. It also has a small sample size and this could result in sampling error, thus making our results unreliable. This could pardon lack of other differences found between other expression scores and levels of depression. Future research should also explore cultural differences between emotion recognition. The study by Terracciano et al. (2003) found differences in performance between African American and the Caucasian group. Although one possible reason could be, that the differences in results is due to better environmental factors in the Caucasian group. Further experiments have to be carried out to determine if there was a cultural effect on emotion recognition, or if it was due to other variables. Also, another study by Matsumoto (1989) examined 15 cultures and compared their scores against 4 factors Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. only four factors vary differently between cultures. By comparing their correlation we can determine if there is a culture effect on emotion recognition. Matsumoto (1989) found that there were significant negative correlations between power distance and intensity ratings of negative emotions. Also, a positive correlation between individualism and intensity ratings of anger and fear, but no significant correlation for uncertainty avoidance was found. Although Matsumoto (1989) did not find full support for his hypothesis, it is cool it useful to explore this area of study. Examining cultural differences in emotion recognition is useful as it can be applied to real life uses in our global environment.The experiment has shown that this hypothesis has not been fully supported. Thus, we cannot solve that there is a definite effect of individual differences on emotion recognition.REFERENCESAmerican Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed). Washington, D C American Psychiatric Association.Caldera, A.J., Keanea, J., Manlya, T., Sprengelmeyerb, R., Scott, S., Nimmo-Smitha, I. Young, A.W. (2003). Facial expression recognition across the adult life span, Neuropsychologia, 41, 195202.Ekman, P. Friesen, W.V. (1976). Pictures of Facial Affect. Palo Alto CAConsulting Psychologists Press.Gollan, J.K., Pane, H.T., McCloskey, M.S. Coccaro, E.F. (2008) Identifying differences in dark affective information processing in major depression.Psychiatry Res, 159,1824.Hamilton, M. (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol,6, 278-296.Lane, R.D., Sechrest, L., Reidel, R., Weldon, V., Kaszniak, A. Schwartz, G.E. (1996). Impaired communicative and Nonverbal Emotion Recognition in Alexithymia, Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 203-210.Matsumoto, D. (1989). Cultural influences on the perception of emotion. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 92105.Terracciano, A., Merritt, M., Zonderman, A.B., Evans, M .K. (2003). Personality Traits and Sex Differences in Emotion Recognition among African Americans and Caucasians. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1000, 309312.

Music Production

Music proceedsMusic Production1.What are the issues concerning file formats, coat and feeling when exportationingation a sunk track from Logic/Cubase?There are several issues to consider when exporting a finished track from a DAW, the major mavin cosmos the destination of a piece of music. Be it CD, vinyl or I Tunes they every last(predicate) have their own format issues. To store digital speech sound the audio voltage is sampled which, on playback, corresponds to a certain levels of signal in an individual channel, with the resolution (sample rate) you chose to procedure. This selective information go off and so be stored uncompressed or compressed to reduce the size, natur al aney point though a bulky 94khz 32 bit file would sound amazing, it would be huge and for extort like websites or for raft to store on their I tunes the size deprivations to be compressed. DAWs like Logic or Cubase have options when you export as to which format you want.For master for vinyl there are a binge(prenominal) issues, lets start with the basics. The volume of your record is directly linked to the total sequence of each side. This room if you int wipeout to have it played in clubs by DJs, the most time per side should be around 12-13 minutes for 12 records. When the side length is less than 9 minutes, the loudness result be at the maximum for 33 1/3 rpm cuts. and for every minute over 13 minutes per side, you lose rough 1 db in volume on the side in most cases. This is noticeable when a vinyl is pressed with two tracks on each side therefore comprising on volume and you also beat up the so-c bothed S distortion (sibilance). When the master has too much extravagantly frequency on vocal S, T, and F sounds, it volition end up overloading on playback, causing noticeable distortion. This also happens when hi-hats, cymbals, and whatsoever high frequency sounds that are in your mixes are too resilient. This arouse also mean the louder your record is cut , the worse the problem will be. The corresponding applies for mysterious and if you have a track with heavy sub bass that has been mastered badly the bass can eat up all the headroom in the mix and also heavy bass cuts a bigger groove into the vinyl taking up more space. So you can have all the fun you want for compact platter mixing. But for vinyl mixes, its suggested by mastering companies to not add compaction or whatsoever digital processing, leave the mix for vinyl intersection as untouched as accomplishable.For CD the issues are that you need stereo system 16 bit 44.1 kHz files (the format for CD audio) they require active 5 MB of disk space per channel per minute. So for example, 2 minutes of CD audio requires 20 MB of disk space. 2 transmit times 5 MB times 2 minutes = 20 MB. Using a greater bit rate or sample rate will increase the disk space required, and will also increase demands on the computers potent drive and processor. CD mastering engineers recommend th ey will need a mix that peaks at -3dB. The unharmed mix should not be compressed, unless by a very experienced engineer using a very good compressor. Too umteen mixes are submitted to that have been over-compressed using a cheap plug-in. This cannot be removed.As far as archiving and storing your completed visualize safely and properly, first of all back up your project on to external hard drives existence sure to collect all the samples and consolidate each time you save. As far as which file format to use there is star major uncompressed audio format, PCM, which is usually stored as a .wav on Windows or as .aiff on Mac OS. WAV and AIFF are flexible file formats designed to store more or less all combination of take rates or bitrates. This makes them suitable file formats for storing and archiving an original save. By storing your project in this format you can load it up again and export a compressed or mastered version for different destinations.Referenceshttp//www.wikire cording.org/File_formats audio recordinghttp//www.urpressing.com/advice.phphttp//www.littlebazaar.co.uk/pages/digital-audio-cd-mastering.php2.Use an imaginary bud bestow of 3000 for each, put together an equipment list for two possible computer ground recording setups a permanent PC based studio/ position setup for an artist/ manufacturer working largely alone, and a mobile Mac based setup for recording bands. appraise the software and hardware options for each, and the specifications and performance of the desktop/laptop you choose.Portable I have gone for the cheapest macbook in the pro range as it offers intermit performance and room to upgrade, (the basic macbook doesnt eventide sum up with firewire) I chose the Focusrite sound table as I know there stable from my research and there somewhat priced. For software I chose Logic Pro as it goes hand in hand with the macbook and offers many recording features and easily handles recording multiple channels and can be used to mix a track without the need for a desk. For microphones I have chosen the best for the money and move to cover all recording needs. I have also selected some good quality budget headphones for the engineer and the band as wholesome as all the necessary leads I could think of and still come under 3000. 1 x 13-inch Macbook Pro 2.26GHz = 918Intel Core 2 bridge 2GB Memory 160GB hard drive SD card slot Built-in 7-hour bombardment NVIDIA GeForce 9400M graphics card.1 x Focusrite Saphire Pro 24 Firewire Soundcard = 250FireWire Interface clear routing flexibility and rock-solid driver stability.Two award-winning Focusrite pre-ampsJetPLL jitter elimination technologyI/O options Two additional analogue inputs, six analogue outputs, ADAT inputs (for expanding the embrasure with, for example, Focusrites OctoPre), stereo SPDIF I/O and 2 virtual loopback inputsFront gore 5-LED meteringZero-latency 18 x 8 DSP Mixer/Router software provided with Saffire PRO 24SoftwareLogic Pro = 150Mics 1 x AKG D112 = one hundred fifteen (The D 112 can handle high sound pressure levels reservation it perfect for Kick Drum recording)2 x Shure SM58 = 192 (classic industry timeworn used for all sorts of situations)1 x Rhode NTK = 379 (Valve Condenser Microphone for high-end recording applications, great for vocals)1 x AKG C414 = 525 (quality mic especially used for accurate, beautifully-detailed pickup of any acoustic instrument)Headphones1 x Sennheiser HD 25 Mk2headphones (for the producer/engineer) = 150 belike the most popular Pro headphones on the market. The HD25 Mk2 headphones have high quality closed cups help reproduce a superb all round sound. Features detatchable lead and comfortable headband decks.co.uk3 x AKG K99 = 105 (less expensive so there are plenty to go around for band members etc.)Leads10 x XLR to XLR Microphone Lead. XLR male connector to XLR female connector. Two centre screen cable 6mm diameter. Length 6M = 8.12 eachTop of Form5 x XLR Jack Mic lead with XLR and 6.35mm jack familiaritys. 10.0m length = 9.45 each cigaret of FormTotal = 2912.45pReferences www.dv247.com www.akg.com www.store.apple.com/uk-storehttp//tweakheadz.com/Permanent PC Based Studio/home setup for an artist/producer working largely alone For this setup I have focused on the mind that if the artist/producer was largely working alone at home, the best solution would be the sort of deal they offer at Sonica Labs one of the biggest retailers of high end custom built PCs designed to the best specifications (money permitting). If I had 3000 to spend on a setup for home that would sound superb and enable me to do professional quality mixes and tracks I would go for this which is the cheapest option of this model from the Sonica Labs website, I know a lot of big producers use these and coupled with the RME Firewire soundcard, the UAD plugins card and Pro Tools you would have more than enough to keep you going. Although the 3000 didnt allow for any monitors which if your serious can cost another 3000 so I didnt even go there which I appreciate might be aggrieve further I really feel this deal would be the one to go for in the circumstances.1 x Sonica Labs 19 Rack deal HUSH-QXR / XLR8 Workstation (including all the components listed below)Intel Quad Core / Core i7 920 2.66GHz6GB DDR3 triple channel (3 x 2gig)Seagate 500GB, 32MB cache, 7200 RPM, SATA II2 x Seagate 1000GB, 32MB cache, 7200 RPM, SATA IIMicrosoft Windows 7 Home bounteousness 64bit (or 32bit)Blu-ray disc burner HD DVD-ROM / DVDRW / CDRWRME Fireface 400 Firewire SoundcardUniversal Audio UAD-2 Solo plug in cardProtools M-POWERED 8 for M-AUDIO music systemsTotal = 3004References www. snoop-sonica.com3.Research and write an analysis of how networking practices can impact on the process of music production?The creation of networks has been a massive development in the process of music production. It has meant the use of weeny networks in studios or offices where computers on a network c an all access a server where they can have dowerd hard drives. This sort of networking is extremely useful in such situations like in an audio for media editing studio where a whole group of raft working with a huge library of sounds that would never fit on one computer can all access it with optical leads and do work the samples from the networked hard drive. However, the topic of networks also covers the biggest network in the initiation, which is the Internet. Since its creation, which was originally an idea by the American military to transfer secret information and subsequent for some universities in America to have a way to share information between separate universities, the Internet has boomed to say the least. It now means that networks our part of all of our day to day lives.The Internet is a hot topic in the music industry and the idea of everyone with an Internet connection being able to access files and share information with everyone in the world and cover more te rritories than an old record label or shop could ever of dreamed of has caused the sale of physical mediums like CD and Vinyl to drop, and meant a lot of strong-minded record shops and big chains having to shut down, alongside I tunes announcing in April 2008 thatThe iTunes Store (www.itunes.com) surpassed Wal-Mart to become the number one music retailer in the US, based on the latest data from the NPD Group*. With over 50 million customers, iTunes has sold over quatern billion songs and features the worlds largest music catalog of over six million songs. on with this in 2010 they announced the 10 Billionth downloadIt is clear to arrest that the Internet isnt going to go away and the thing that scares the record companies when it comes to banned downloads is that its so hard to police, it is now the case that people will use file sharing networks online to share files that can include illegal capacitance such as musicians albums, singles and even vocal accapellas. It can even be a case of an artist completing an album that has interpreted years to produce only to have it leaked a month in the first place the official release. It can mean huge problems for artists and they will employ people to search the Internet for these very leaks. I think the future for me and my independent label is bright and that has a lot to do with the internet as we hold the view that if we release our stuff digitally for free then bring out select tracks that people like to mix on vinyl we can focus on getting income from the live shows we get booked for, it is nice to have a physical CD but the idea of digital and using social networking and forums along with our own website to throw out and get our music out there is the best way for us.References http//www.apple.comhttp//www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/resources/guides/g2/s2.htm