Understanding crowd behaviour

Understanding throng conduct on that point ar many vague definitions of the term a gang maven of which is defined as by the Oxford Dictionary() as a biggish function of people gathitherd together, usually without orderly arrangement and Le Bon (200615) defines a work party as a gathering of individuals of whatever nationality, profession or sex and whatever be chances that boast brought them together.The Oxford Dictionary() also defines doings as a manner of behaving or the response of an organism to a arousal in regards to this books the stimulus could be the emotions of others, or a divided experience in spite of appearance the crowd, or factors contributing to emotions inside individuals in a crowd.Getz (2007293) states that arrest crowd emotions and doings is requisite for most events But host management, however, is not simply achieved by attempting to take the audience, but by attempt to conceive their behaviour and the various factors which potentiometer a ffect this. (HSE, 200946) It is also tell in the HSE (2009) that the behaviour of crowds at events is determined by their confess ad hominem goals and motivations.This literature review impart look at the frameworks behind third theories of crowd behaviour, as it is imperative to understand the psychological behaviour of crowds (Kendall 2008545).The theories refer are--Classic theories contagious disease scheme Convergence Theory-Emergent- Norm TheoryIt will seek to identify key factors that seat change behaviour at heart crowds and the jolts these can have on outdoor events.The literature underpinning search into crowd behaviour stems from disciplines such(prenominal)(prenominal) as psychology and sociology, with an apparent lack of recent research into crowd behaviours at large outdoor events. group Behaviour TheoriesIt is noted that the two classical theories that are reviewed, are the foundations of what has been figure today, they have evolved over time, but it is provided as an overview of crowd behaviour theories.Contagion TheoryThere are two key authors of the Group hear theory,Le bonFreudIt is important to recognise that the widely cited works of Gustave Le Bon, from his 1895 book, The collection was based on his observations of crowds during the French revolution, and are a long counselling from the crowds that are experienced today.Le Bon (2006) stated that crowds were protected by the namelessness of crowds and that individual responsibility was discarded, consequently forgetting their normal values and ability to hypothesize and to reason. He also assessed that ideas and emotions within the crowd became contagious and spread rapidly. hitherto Reicher (2003186) suggests that contagion theory is an affect of suggestibility, and that an individual sacrifices personal interest in favour of the collective interest of the crowdIt is then understood that Individuals within crowds are more likely to involve themselves in antisocial beh aviour as the anonymity provided manipulates them feel invulnerable, it is this collective behaviour that is understood to be irrational and that individuals will undertake actions within a crowd surroundings that they would normally resist.Freud believed that the crowd Unlocks the unconscious and that in normal daily situations clean standards are maintained because they are installed in the human psyche as the super ego. However in a crowd situation the draw of the group surpasses the super ego and now controls the unconscious, leading to uncivilised impulses (Hewstone Manstead, 1996152)CriticismsMy understanding of this theory is that it does not identify as to why some crowds pass away violent and other remain passive.2. Convergence TheoryConvergence theorists such as, Reicher (1984), and McPhail (1991), argue that individuals within a crowd do not undefended personal identity, as stated in the contagion theory, but they distribute personal beliefs and values so that the crowds behaviour is that of similar feeling.It is understood that point of intersection theory is more rational as it focuses on the sectiond beliefs and emotions within a crowd. It is possible that individual can exploit the protection of world in a crowd to participate in behaviours that would normally be repressed.CriticismsHowever it does not give way to why individuals in this crowd, who share similar beliefs, behave differently.Emergent-Norm TheoryKey Authors identified-food turner and KillianTurner and Killian (1993) as cited in Kendall (2008547) concede that crowds are understood to develop their own definition of a situation and therefore establish their own norms -social rules that stipulate appropriate and inappropriate behaviour in given situations (Sharpe, 2007508 )that reflect the amour and provide standards that allow decisions to be made about how people will interact with each other. (Sharpe,2007)Adang et al (2004) identifies that in every crowd you can spot i ndividuals doing such things as initiating chats, shouting directions and in extreme cases initiating violence. call back THEORY IN TURNER AND KILLIANEmergent-Norm Theory argues that the appearance of unanimity among the participants in incidents of collective behaviour accompanies the emergence of dominant norms and according to this theory, once a dominant norm emerges group members disagreeing with it keep quiet out of affright of group censure (Aguire et al, 1998) rephraseAnalysis of theoriesFactors of move BehaviourBerlonghi (1995) argues that by simply saying a crowd is a large figure of speech of people gathered closely together is a mistake and that it essential to distinguish one individual from another. By be unable to make distinctions about the crowd it leaves crowd control and crowd management ineffective. He also recognises those events that are a success, that never become publicised are they the consequence of effective planning, or simply the result of good luc k. labour CatalystsIt would appear that there are a multitude of factors that can operate behaviours between individuals in a crowd. Berlonghi (1995) has identified factors that may contribute to, or trigger a crowd from being one that is managed to one that needs to be controlled.Operational CircumstancesLack of parking, sold out event, and no show of performers are all morals of factors that can modify a crowds behaviour, an example of how crowd behaviour changed can be identified by The hydrophobia Factor a Rage Against The Machine gig, which took place in Finsbury greens in 2010. Tickets were available by Ballot to celebrate the campaign that got the bent to number one the previous Christmas. 180,000 people had applied for tickets with only 40,000 being available. It is reported that several hundred fans scaled the fence. (Gittins, 2010)Reading Festival has been coerce to apply for extension to the number of early bird tickets allowing 20,000 people to get forrader the stated start of the event this was due to an ever-increasing amount of fete goers arriving at the festival entrance prior to the event over the defy few years. (Reading Borough Council, 2010)Event ActivitiesFireworks, video replays, and lasers may provoke actions within the crowd.Performers go throughSexual or violent gestures towards the crowds, Latitude festival 2010 witnessed an attack on the crowd, with Crystal Castles front women appearing to lash out after allegedly being groped by a male fan as she was crowd surfing. The singer repeatedly threw punches into the crowd and subsequently she stormed off stage before the allotted time, with widespread booing from the back of the fields (NME, 2010)The HSE (1999) states that event organisers should be aware(p) of the history of the performers and also the audience which they attract.Spectator factorsAnti social behaviour can impact a crowd not just the individual, and is having an impact in how events are being delivered (Connell , 2009). Kemp et al (2007) as cited in Connell (2009) have identified that alcohol and drugs are a major factor in determining crowd behaviour.The Guardian (2010) reported that at T in the Park festival in Kinross-shire, Scotland, there were 2 rapes and an attempted murder. whatsoever festival goers believe a major part of the problem is a changing demographic among those attending, with drinking and drug taking surpassing the unison. certification or PoliceUse of excessive policing, arguments with attendees and abuse of authority can spark aggression within the crowd.It has become increasingly accepted that the impression of crowd events cannot be explained solely on what crowd members do, but must(prenominal) also address constabulary actions (Adang, 2004). It is usual to use police to control a crowd but this often then leads to confrontation with the police (Argyle, 1992).Man Made DisastersStructural failure can be bad not just for those directly injured, but by crowd surg es fleeing the event. Crowd surges are often reported at both small and large events, and can be ruinous.ConclusionThe primary focus of this review is to understand crowd behaviours and factors which can impact the outcome of a crowds behaviour. Once the unsettled factor has caused an impact, it is then the individuals within the crowd that will react to the stimulus, and form themselves into the parameters of crowd behaviour that have been outlined by theorists.It is evident that there are factors within all three theories that can be imparted into observations within crowds at euphony festivals it is possible to envisage actions at outdoor music events that can be explained by these theories, however much of the recent literature simply reiterated these theorists with an apparent lack of observation towards currents trends and attitudes in society.The effects of crowd behaviour within outdoor music events can be catastrophic should event managers not take into consideration the factors that can affect the behaviour of both small and large crowds. If event managers fail to understand individuals within a crowd, and the potential that they have to physically change the dynamics of the crowd around them, they face disastrous consequences.RecommendationsIn 2010 there were over 450 music festivals alone in the UK (Winterman, 2010) and there has been little research into Anti kindly Behaviour at events including the motives of gatecrashers at events attendees attempting to enter events without a ticket and the consequences that such actions can have on crowd safety at events.none of the theories above draw attention to why some crowds are organized and others spontaneous, by looking at the motivations of individuals at music festivals we may obtain to further understand anti social behaviour at these events.